WHAT MAKES AN ANSWER

Intellicurean Essays on Intellicurious

Socrates said written words can’t answer a question. Under a professor’s essay repeating his complaint, readers answered by the hundreds, and the professor answered them back, in writing.

What Makes an Answer — at dusk, pages rise in a spiral from a scroll left on a stone beneath a great tree, while a barefoot man in a tunic stands in the shallows of a stream, turned back toward them
Pages taking flight, and a man turned back at the stream, made for the essay.

Why we’re pointing you there

On September 29 The New York Times ran a guest essay by Joe Cruz, who chairs philosophy at Williams College, arguing that writing isn’t as important as we think. He leaned on Plato’s Phaedrus, where Socrates says a written text can’t answer questions or defend itself. Within a day about 1,200 readers had written back. Michael Cummins returns to the dialogue and finds three objections there, not one. He gives Cruz his due on the oral exam and on why universities love the essay. Then he follows the most-recommended reply in the thread: if at least half the class did better aloud, as many as half did not.

What we liked most is watching a thesis improve in public. Pressed by his commenters, Cruz conceded that writing is “no small thing,” perhaps one of the most profound tools we have for abstract thought, and he conceded it in writing. The essay goes on to defend the revision Cruz calls a refuge. It ends at the river in the Phaedrus, where Socrates turns back without anyone asking him to. A machine that will answer anything has met Socrates’ first objection. The essay asks whether it could ever meet that one.

In a dusk-lit seminar room, a standing student argues while the others turn toward her; at the far end of the table a quiet student writes in a notebook whose glow is the room’s warm light
The other half, made for the essay.

Read the full essay at Intellicurean →

Essays & Reviews for the Intellectually Curious

TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT – OCTOBER 2, 2026

TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT: The latest issue features ‘Albert Camus – The Notebooks’…

Camus contre Camus

The trials of a public intellectual By Patrick McGuinness

“Sadness of success”, writes Albert Camus in a notebook entry for June 25, 1947: “If everything were more difficult for me, as before, I’d have much more right to say what I say”. The success in question was winning the Prix des Critiques for La Peste (The Plague), published a fortnight earlier. It could be worse, the reader wants to tell him by way of consolation: you could have won the Nobel. Fast-forward ten years and the entry for October 17, 1957, reads: “Nobel. Strange feeling of overwhelming weight and melancholy. At 20 years old, poor and naked, I knew true glory. My mother”.

Infernal time machine

China Miéville’s anti-colonialist vision By Anna Aslanyan

Open season on Barbara

A romantic novelist who became a figure of fun By Nicola Shulman

One of the happy few?

How writing freed Anita Brookner from despair By Elizabeth Lowry

THE ECONOMIST MAGAZINE – OCTOBER 3, 2026

THE ECONOMIST MAGAZINE: The latest issue features ‘The century’s biggest idea’ – Effective altruism and the battle over AI…

Effective altruism is this century’s biggest idea

The movement is admirable, but dangerous

A hurricane is coming to tax systems

Governments should be preparing, but most aren’t

Don’t put Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un in a room together

A summit between the two “friends” could go horribly wrong

China’s new infrastructure push will help itself and the world

But it must still do more to lift consumption

THE NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS – OCTOBER 22, 2026

THE NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS: The latest issue features Gavin Francis on musclemen, Caroline Fraser on hobos, Ben Tarnoff on our digital oligarchs, Alan Hollinghurst on Peter Hujar and Paul Thek, Howard W. French on the Chinese Internet, Matthew Aucoin on Philip Glass, Václav Havel on state repression, Jonathan Lethem on Wilfrid Sheed, Catherine Nicholson on ye olde VDs, Noah Feldman on the dangers of the unitary executive, Marina Warner on Ithell Colquhoun, Lola Seaton on Jonathan Buckley, poems by Ben Lerner and Elaine Equi, and much more.

Building a Real Man

From its origins in the classical physique and homoerotic spectacle, bodybuilding today often involves the use of steroids whose dangers are not properly understood.

When Fitness Went Global: The Rise of Physical Culture in the Nineteenth Century by Conor Heffernan

A Genealogy of Male Bodybuilding: From Classical to Freaky by Dimitris Liokaftos

Muscle Works: Physical Culture and the Performance of Masculinity by Broderick D.V. Chow

How Tech Rules

The AI boom is only the latest stage in Silicon Valley’s long history of creating and expanding intellectual monopolies.

The Rulers: Corporate Power in the Age of AI and the Cloud by Cecilia Rikap

Silicon Empires: The Fight for the Future of AI by Nick Srnicek

Let a Hundred Websites Bloom

The Internet and the smartphone have become formidable tools for the Chinese government to maintain tight control over society.

The Wall Dancers: Searching for Freedom and Connections on the Chinese Internet by Yi-Ling Liu

The Highest Exam: How the Gaokao Shapes China by Ruixue Jia and Hongbin Li with Claire Cousineau

MONTHLY REVIEW MAGAZINE – OCTOBER 2026 PREVIEW

MONTHLY REVIEW MAGAZINE: The latest issue features ‘Marxian Ecology & the Critique of AI Capital’….

Marxian Ecology and the Critique of AI Capital

by John Bellamy Foster

What is the rise of AI capital, and what does it mean for contemporary work, culture, and the ecological state of our planet? John Bellamy Foster dispels the myth of a “hyperorganized AI capitalism.” As Foster writes: “We are not entering a stable new age…but rather a new, capitalist-engendered global disorder in which humanity, according to climate science, is headed ever more rapidly toward a planetary ‘point of no return.'” The only way out—the only way, that is, to ensure the survival of humanity—is a radical shift away from the catastrophically destructive regime of capital accumulation and toward sustainable human development through socialism.

Radical Jewish Tradition

by Paul Buhle

Paul Buhle reviews The Radical Jewish Tradition by Donny Glickstein and Janey Stone. The book, Buhle writes, is a window onto “the antinomies of nineteenth-century Jewish life”—including the growing movement against Zionism and for socialism among Eastern European Jews. This authors, Buhle notes, also tells the story of Jewish communists in Britain, the United States, and beyond, taking into account the wide sweep of Jewish left activity globally, situating the present struggles against genocide in Palestine squarely within the legacy of radical Jews everywhere.

Legal Imperialism: International Law and Dependency in Late Imperialism

by Luís Eduardo Fernandes

Today’s resurgence in U.S. imperialist interventions abroad and the concomitant so-called crisis of the “rules-based order” can be explained, Luís Eduardo Fernandes argues, through the category of “legal imperialism, which refers to how the international juridical form is internalized within societies and in the context of dependency, colonialism, unequal exchange, and monopoly capital. “International law and imperialism,” Fernandes writes, “do not stand as opposing poles. They are part of the same unity.… Violence is constitutive of the juridical form.”

LILITH MAGAZINE – FALL 2026

LILITH MAGAZINE: The latest issue features Iconic Reads from the First 50 Years – Sexism confronted • Loudmouths celebrated • Foremothers in focus // A special issue celebrating fifty years of Lilith

1998: Let Us Now Praise Big-Mouthed Jewish Women

Susan Weidman Schneider introduces Susan Schnur’s epic cri de coeur in favor of loudmouths.

2023: Half Moon Grill

Campbell looks back on her two grandmothers’ stories—and explains how Lilith helped her tell them

From Demoness to Feminist Icon: The Truth About Lilith

Despite a hard-and-fast refusal to discuss Lilith for nearly six years on my social media platform, Jewitches, she remains the most popular question, request, and topic of discussion…Many know her as merely Adam’s first wife, the prequel to Eve, but her history is far more complex.

LITERARY REVIEW MAGAZINE – OCTOBER 2026 PREVIEW

LITERARY REVIEW : The latest issue features ‘A Novel Reckoning’…

Catchpole to the King

King’s Secretary: William Paget and the Last Years of the Reign of Henry VIII By Andrew Johnston

Tudor history buffs and attentive readers of Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall trilogy will recognise the name William Paget. Others will require some words of introduction. Paget (1505/6–63) was an able and influential diplomat and administrator who rose to become principal secretary to Henry VIII. ‘Rose’ is the operative word. Paget, like his predecessor and mentor Thomas Cromwell, was a self-made man, though his father, a sergeant serving the sheriff of London, was able to provide him with a grammar school and Cambridge education.

1688 and All That

The Last Invasion of England: 1688 and the Dutch Armada By Arthur der Weduwen

Much is exceptional about the Bayeux Tapestry currently on magnificent display in the British Museum, but nothing is quite so exceptional as the event itself. As the museum’s website reminds us, 1066 ‘was the last time England was successfully invaded’. Our sea-girt immunity from foreign invasion has been at the centre of ‘Our Island Story’ ever since, with the Channel confounding the hubris of Philip II in 1588 and 1596, of Napoleon in 1803 and of Hitler in 1940.

Scavenger Hunt

Imperial Predator: Britain and the Destruction of the Ottoman Empire By David S Tonge

In his survey of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, David S Tonge sees Britain as an aggressive superpower, hence the title of his excellent book. My one quibble is zoological. ‘Predator’ may not be quite the right word. For in much of Tonge’s story Britain is less lion than vulture: what zoologists call an obligate scavenger – or a necrophagous power – feeding on carrion. The Ottoman carcass had already been wounded by Russian aggression, nationalist revolt, indebtedness and internal decay. There were exceptions, and Britain could be predatory when circumstances demanded, notably in Cyprus and Alexandria, but its more characteristic pose was to sniff the odour of mortality and arrive in time for lunch.

THE NEW YORK TIMES – THURSDAY, OCTOBER 1, 2026

Bloody Attack in the Cockpit of a Flight to Israel, and a Terrifying Plunge

“I don’t deserve to die like this,” said one passenger on Flight 1073 from Dubai to Tel Aviv. The motive of the cockpit stabbing remains unknown, officials said.

Israelis Celebrate Passengers’ Return as Questions Swirl Over Flight Attack

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised the flight’s injured captain, Israeli passengers and reserve pilots, who helped secure the plane and land it safely. The attacker has not been identified.

U.S. Bond Yields Hit Highest Level Since 2002

The trends pushing up yields, including the war in Iran and high government debt levels, are unlikely to dissipate soon.

Tennessee Fails to Execute Woman After 2 Doses of Lethal Injection

Christa Pike was convicted of murdering a classmate in 1995. It was not clear what went wrong in the execution or what her current medical condition was.